* [related file](#related-file)

* [memory layout](#memory-layout)

* [example](#example)

* [print](#print)

* [fields in PyMethodDef](#fields-in-PyMethodDef)

* [free_list](#free_list)

* [classmethod](#classmethod)

* [staticmethod](#staticmethod)

* cpython/Objects/methodobject.c

* cpython/Include/methodobject.h

* cpython/Python/bltinmodule.c

* cpython/Objects/call.c

There's a type named **builtin_function_or_method** in python, as the type name described, all the builtin function or method defined in the c level belong to **builtin_function_or_method**

```python3

>>> print

<built-in function print>

>>> type(print)

<class 'builtin_function_or_method'>

```


let's read code snippet first

```c

typedef PyObject *(*PyCFunction)(PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef PyObject *(*_PyCFunctionFast) (PyObject *, PyObject *const *, Py_ssize_t);

typedef PyObject *(*PyCFunctionWithKeywords)(PyObject *, PyObject *,

PyObject *);

typedef PyObject *(*_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords) (PyObject *,

PyObject *const *, Py_ssize_t,

PyObject *);

typedef PyObject *(*PyNoArgsFunction)(PyObject *);

```

The **PyCFunction** is a type in c, any c function with signature(accept two PyObject* as parameters and return a PyObject *) can be cast to type **PyCFunction**

```c

// a c function named builtin_print

static PyObject *

builtin_print(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames);

// name "print" is defined inside a c array named builtin_methods, and defined s type PyMethodDef

static PyMethodDef builtin_methods[] = {

...

{"print", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))builtin_print, METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS, print_doc},

...

}

```


a **PyMethodDef** should be attached to a **module** object, and a **self** arugment, and then a **PyCFunctionObject** will be generated

what user really interactive with is **PyCFunctionObject**


let's check for more detail of each field

the type in **m_self** field is **module**, and type in **m_module** field is **str**


as you can see in the above picture, field **ml_name** is the name of the built-in method, it's a c style null terminated string "print"

the real c function pointer that does the job

bit flag indicates how the c function's behave in the python level

the function in **call.c** begin with **_PyMethodDef_** will delegate the work to the **PyCFunction**, but with different calling behaviour according to different **ml_flags**

for more detail please refer to [c-api Common Object Structures](https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/structures.html)

| flag name | flag value | meaning |

| - | :-: | -: |

| METH_VARARGS | 0x0001| methods type PyCFunction, expects two PyObject* values |

| METH_KEYWORDS | 0x0002 | methods type PyCFunctionWithKeywords, expects three parameters: self, args, and a dictionary of all the keyword arguments |

| METH_NOARGS | 0x0004 | methods without parameters, need to be of type PyCFunction |

| METH_O | 0x0008 | methods with a single object argument, have the type PyCFunction |

| METH_CLASS | 0x0010 | the type object will be passed as first parameter, what @classmethod do |

| METH_STATIC | 0x0020 | null will passed as first parameter, what @staticmethod do |

| METH_COEXIST | 0x0040 | replace existing defination instead of skip |

```c

static PyCFunctionObject *free_list = NULL;

static int numfree = 0;

```

cpython use a buffer pool with size 256 to reuse the deallocated **PyCFunctionObject** object, free_list is a single linked list, all elements are chained by the **m_self** field

the similar technique appears in float object, the float object chained through the **ob_type** field, I will not draw again, user who need the graph representation please click the link [float(free_list)](https://github.com/zpoint/CPython-Internals/blob/master/BasicObject/float/float.md#free_list)