#!/usr/bin/env PYTHONHASHSEED=1234 python3

# Copyright 2014-2019 Brett Slatkin, Pearson Education Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

# Reproduce book environment
import random
random.seed(1234)

import logging
from pprint import pprint
from sys import stdout as STDOUT

# Write all output to a temporary directory
import atexit
import gc
import io
import os
import tempfile

TEST_DIR = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
atexit.register(TEST_DIR.cleanup)

# Make sure Windows processes exit cleanly
OLD_CWD = os.getcwd()
atexit.register(lambda: os.chdir(OLD_CWD))
os.chdir(TEST_DIR.name)

def close_open_files():
    everything = gc.get_objects()
    for obj in everything:
        if isinstance(obj, io.IOBase):
            obj.close()

atexit.register(close_open_files)


# Example 1
print('foo bar')


# Example 2
my_value = 'foo bar'
print(str(my_value))
print('%s' % my_value)
print(f'{my_value}')
print(format(my_value))
print(my_value.__format__('s'))
print(my_value.__str__())


# Example 3
print(5)
print('5')

int_value = 5
str_value = '5'
print(f'{int_value} == {str_value} ?')


# Example 4
a = '\x07'
print(repr(a))


# Example 5
b = eval(repr(a))
assert a == b


# Example 6
print(repr(5))
print(repr('5'))


# Example 7
print('%r' % 5)
print('%r' % '5')

int_value = 5
str_value = '5'
print(f'{int_value!r} != {str_value!r}')


# Example 8
class OpaqueClass:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

obj = OpaqueClass(1, 'foo')
print(obj)


# Example 9
class BetterClass:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'BetterClass({self.x!r}, {self.y!r})'


# Example 10
obj = BetterClass(2, 'bar')
print(obj)


# Example 11
obj = OpaqueClass(4, 'baz')
print(obj.__dict__)