// See www.openfst.org for extensive documentation on this weighted
// finite-state transducer library.
//
// FST memory utilities.

#ifndef FST_MEMORY_H_
#define FST_MEMORY_H_

#include <list>
#include <memory>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include <fst/types.h>
#include <fst/log.h>
#include <fstream>

namespace fst {

// Default block allocation size.
constexpr int kAllocSize = 64;

// Minimum number of allocations per block.
constexpr int kAllocFit = 4;

// Base class for MemoryArena that allows (e.g.) MemoryArenaCollection to
// easily manipulate collections of variously sized arenas.
class MemoryArenaBase {
 public:
  virtual ~MemoryArenaBase() {}
  virtual size_t Size() const = 0;
};

// Allocates 'size' unintialized memory chunks of size sizeof(T) from underlying
// blocks of (at least) size 'block_size * sizeof(T)'. All blocks are freed when
// this class is deleted. Result of allocate() will be aligned to sizeof(T).
template <typename T>
class MemoryArena : public MemoryArenaBase {
 public:
  explicit MemoryArena(size_t block_size = kAllocSize)
      : block_size_(block_size * sizeof(T)), block_pos_(0) {
    blocks_.emplace_front(new char[block_size_]);
  }

  void *Allocate(size_t size) {
    const auto byte_size = size * sizeof(T);
    if (byte_size * kAllocFit > block_size_) {
      // Large block; adds new large block.
      auto *ptr = new char[byte_size];
      blocks_.emplace_back(ptr);
      return ptr;
    }
    if (block_pos_ + byte_size > block_size_) {
      // Doesn't fit; adds new standard block.
      auto *ptr = new char[block_size_];
      block_pos_ = 0;
      blocks_.emplace_front(ptr);
    }
    // Fits; uses current block.
    auto *ptr = blocks_.front().get() + block_pos_;
    block_pos_ += byte_size;
    return ptr;
  }

  size_t Size() const override { return sizeof(T); }

 private:
  size_t block_size_;  // Default block size in bytes.
  size_t block_pos_;   // Current position in block in bytes.
  std::list<std::unique_ptr<char[]>> blocks_;  // List of allocated blocks.
};

// Base class for MemoryPool that allows (e.g.) MemoryPoolCollection to easily
// manipulate collections of variously sized pools.
class MemoryPoolBase {
 public:
  virtual ~MemoryPoolBase() {}
  virtual size_t Size() const = 0;
};

// Allocates and frees initially uninitialized memory chunks of size sizeof(T).
// Keeps an internal list of freed chunks that are reused (as is) on the next
// allocation if available. Chunks are constructed in blocks of size
// 'pool_size'. All memory is freed when the class is deleted. The result of
// Allocate() will be suitably memory-aligned.
//
// Combined with placement operator new and destroy fucntions for the T class,
// this can be used to improve allocation efficiency. See nlp/fst/lib/visit.h
// (global new) and nlp/fst/lib/dfs-visit.h (class new) for examples.
template <typename T>
class MemoryPool : public MemoryPoolBase {
 public:
  struct Link {
    char buf[sizeof(T)];
    Link *next;
  };

  // 'pool_size' specifies the size of the initial pool and how it is extended.
  explicit MemoryPool(size_t pool_size = kAllocSize)
      : mem_arena_(pool_size), free_list_(nullptr) {}

  void *Allocate() {
    if (free_list_ == nullptr) {
      auto *link = static_cast<Link *>(mem_arena_.Allocate(1));
      link->next = nullptr;
      return link;
    } else {
      auto *link = free_list_;
      free_list_ = link->next;
      return link;
    }
  }

  void Free(void *ptr) {
    if (ptr) {
      auto *link = static_cast<Link *>(ptr);
      link->next = free_list_;
      free_list_ = link;
    }
  }

  size_t Size() const override { return sizeof(T); }

 private:
  MemoryArena<Link> mem_arena_;
  Link *free_list_;

  MemoryPool(const MemoryPool &) = delete;
  MemoryPool &operator=(const MemoryPool &) = delete;
};

// Stores a collection of memory arenas.
class MemoryArenaCollection {
 public:
  // 'block_size' specifies the block size of the arenas.
  explicit MemoryArenaCollection(size_t block_size = kAllocSize)
      : block_size_(block_size), ref_count_(1) {}

  template <typename T>
  MemoryArena<T> *Arena() {
    if (sizeof(T) >= arenas_.size()) arenas_.resize(sizeof(T) + 1);
    MemoryArenaBase *arena = arenas_[sizeof(T)].get();
    if (arena == nullptr) {
      arena = new MemoryArena<T>(block_size_);
      arenas_[sizeof(T)].reset(arena);
    }
    return static_cast<MemoryArena<T> *>(arena);
  }

  size_t BlockSize() const { return block_size_; }

  size_t RefCount() const { return ref_count_; }

  size_t IncrRefCount() { return ++ref_count_; }

  size_t DecrRefCount() { return --ref_count_; }

 private:
  size_t block_size_;
  size_t ref_count_;
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MemoryArenaBase>> arenas_;
};

// Stores a collection of memory pools
class MemoryPoolCollection {
 public:
  // 'pool_size' specifies the size of initial pool and how it is extended.
  explicit MemoryPoolCollection(size_t pool_size = kAllocSize)
      : pool_size_(pool_size), ref_count_(1) {}

  template <typename T>
  MemoryPool<T> *Pool() {
    if (sizeof(T) >= pools_.size()) pools_.resize(sizeof(T) + 1);
    MemoryPoolBase *pool = pools_[sizeof(T)].get();
    if (pool == nullptr) {
      pool = new MemoryPool<T>(pool_size_);
      pools_[sizeof(T)].reset(pool);
    }
    return static_cast<MemoryPool<T> *>(pool);
  }

  size_t PoolSize() const { return pool_size_; }

  size_t RefCount() const { return ref_count_; }

  size_t IncrRefCount() { return ++ref_count_; }

  size_t DecrRefCount() { return --ref_count_; }

 private:
  size_t pool_size_;
  size_t ref_count_;
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MemoryPoolBase>> pools_;
};

// STL allocator using memory arenas. Memory is allocated from underlying
// blocks of size 'block_size * sizeof(T)'. Memory is freed only when all
// objects using this allocator are destroyed and there is otherwise no reuse
// (unlike PoolAllocator).
//
// This allocator has object-local state so it should not be used with splicing
// or swapping operations between objects created with different allocators nor
// should it be used if copies must be thread-safe. The result of allocate()
// will be suitably memory-aligned.
template <typename T>
class BlockAllocator {
 public:
  using Allocator = std::allocator<T>;
  using size_type = typename Allocator::size_type;
  using difference_type = typename Allocator::difference_type;
  using pointer = typename Allocator::pointer;
  using const_pointer = typename Allocator::const_pointer;
  using reference = typename Allocator::reference;
  using const_reference = typename Allocator::const_reference;
  using value_type = typename Allocator::value_type;

  template <typename U>
  struct rebind {
    using other = BlockAllocator<U>;
  };

  explicit BlockAllocator(size_t block_size = kAllocSize)
      : arenas_(new MemoryArenaCollection(block_size)) {}

  BlockAllocator(const BlockAllocator<T> &arena_alloc)
      : arenas_(arena_alloc.Arenas()) {
    Arenas()->IncrRefCount();
  }

  template <typename U>
  explicit BlockAllocator(const BlockAllocator<U> &arena_alloc)
      : arenas_(arena_alloc.Arenas()) {
    Arenas()->IncrRefCount();
  }

  ~BlockAllocator() {
    if (Arenas()->DecrRefCount() == 0) delete Arenas();
  }

  pointer address(reference ref) const { return Allocator().address(ref); }

  const_pointer address(const_reference ref) const {
    return Allocator().address(ref);
  }

  size_type max_size() const { return Allocator().max_size(); }

  template <class U, class... Args>
  void construct(U *p, Args &&... args) {
    Allocator().construct(p, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
  }

  void destroy(pointer p) { Allocator().destroy(p); }

  pointer allocate(size_type n, const void *hint = nullptr) {
    if (n * kAllocFit <= kAllocSize) {
      return static_cast<pointer>(Arena()->Allocate(n));
    } else {
      return Allocator().allocate(n, hint);
    }
  }

  void deallocate(pointer p, size_type n) {
    if (n * kAllocFit > kAllocSize) Allocator().deallocate(p, n);
  }

  MemoryArenaCollection *Arenas() const { return arenas_; }

 private:
  MemoryArena<T> *Arena() { return arenas_->Arena<T>(); }

  MemoryArenaCollection *arenas_;

  BlockAllocator<T> operator=(const BlockAllocator<T> &);
};

template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator==(const BlockAllocator<T> &alloc1,
                const BlockAllocator<U> &alloc2) {
  return false;
}

template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator!=(const BlockAllocator<T> &alloc1,
                const BlockAllocator<U> &alloc2) {
  return true;
}

// STL allocator using memory pools. Memory is allocated from underlying
// blocks of size 'block_size * sizeof(T)'. Keeps an internal list of freed
// chunks thare are reused on the next allocation.
//
// This allocator has object-local state so it should not be used with splicing
// or swapping operations between objects created with different allocators nor
// should it be used if copies must be thread-safe. The result of allocate()
// will be suitably memory-aligned.
template <typename T>
class PoolAllocator {
 public:
  using Allocator = std::allocator<T>;
  using size_type = typename Allocator::size_type;
  using difference_type = typename Allocator::difference_type;
  using pointer = typename Allocator::pointer;
  using const_pointer = typename Allocator::const_pointer;
  using reference = typename Allocator::reference;
  using const_reference = typename Allocator::const_reference;
  using value_type = typename Allocator::value_type;

  template <typename U>
  struct rebind {
    using other = PoolAllocator<U>;
  };

  explicit PoolAllocator(size_t pool_size = kAllocSize)
      : pools_(new MemoryPoolCollection(pool_size)) {}

  PoolAllocator(const PoolAllocator<T> &pool_alloc)
      : pools_(pool_alloc.Pools()) {
    Pools()->IncrRefCount();
  }

  template <typename U>
  explicit PoolAllocator(const PoolAllocator<U> &pool_alloc)
      : pools_(pool_alloc.Pools()) {
    Pools()->IncrRefCount();
  }

  ~PoolAllocator() {
    if (Pools()->DecrRefCount() == 0) delete Pools();
  }

  pointer address(reference ref) const { return Allocator().address(ref); }

  const_pointer address(const_reference ref) const {
    return Allocator().address(ref);
  }

  size_type max_size() const { return Allocator().max_size(); }

  template <class U, class... Args>
  void construct(U *p, Args &&... args) {
    Allocator().construct(p, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
  }

  void destroy(pointer p) { Allocator().destroy(p); }

  pointer allocate(size_type n, const void *hint = nullptr) {
    if (n == 1) {
      return static_cast<pointer>(Pool<1>()->Allocate());
    } else if (n == 2) {
      return static_cast<pointer>(Pool<2>()->Allocate());
    } else if (n <= 4) {
      return static_cast<pointer>(Pool<4>()->Allocate());
    } else if (n <= 8) {
      return static_cast<pointer>(Pool<8>()->Allocate());
    } else if (n <= 16) {
      return static_cast<pointer>(Pool<16>()->Allocate());
    } else if (n <= 32) {
      return static_cast<pointer>(Pool<32>()->Allocate());
    } else if (n <= 64) {
      return static_cast<pointer>(Pool<64>()->Allocate());
    } else {
      return Allocator().allocate(n, hint);
    }
  }

  void deallocate(pointer p, size_type n) {
    if (n == 1) {
      Pool<1>()->Free(p);
    } else if (n == 2) {
      Pool<2>()->Free(p);
    } else if (n <= 4) {
      Pool<4>()->Free(p);
    } else if (n <= 8) {
      Pool<8>()->Free(p);
    } else if (n <= 16) {
      Pool<16>()->Free(p);
    } else if (n <= 32) {
      Pool<32>()->Free(p);
    } else if (n <= 64) {
      Pool<64>()->Free(p);
    } else {
      Allocator().deallocate(p, n);
    }
  }

  MemoryPoolCollection *Pools() const { return pools_; }

 private:
  template <int n>
  struct TN {
    T buf[n];
  };

  template <int n>
  MemoryPool<TN<n>> *Pool() {
    return pools_->Pool<TN<n>>();
  }

  MemoryPoolCollection *pools_;

  PoolAllocator<T> operator=(const PoolAllocator<T> &);
};

template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator==(const PoolAllocator<T> &alloc1,
                const PoolAllocator<U> &alloc2) {
  return false;
}

template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator!=(const PoolAllocator<T> &alloc1,
                const PoolAllocator<U> &alloc2) {
  return true;
}

}  // namespace fst

#endif  // FST_MEMORY_H_
