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[TOC]

附录:集合主题

本附录是一些比第十二章 集合中介绍的更高级的内容。

示例数据

这里创建一些样本数据用于集合示例。 以下数据将颜色名称与HTML颜色的RGB值相关联。请注意,每个键和值都是唯一的:

// onjava/HTMLColors.java
// Sample data for collection examples
package onjava;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class HTMLColors {
  public static final Object[][] ARRAY = {
    { 0xF0F8FF, "AliceBlue" },
    { 0xFAEBD7, "AntiqueWhite" },
    { 0x7FFFD4, "Aquamarine" },
    { 0xF0FFFF, "Azure" },
    { 0xF5F5DC, "Beige" },
    { 0xFFE4C4, "Bisque" },
    { 0x000000, "Black" },
    { 0xFFEBCD, "BlanchedAlmond" },
    { 0x0000FF, "Blue" },
    { 0x8A2BE2, "BlueViolet" },
    { 0xA52A2A, "Brown" },
    { 0xDEB887, "BurlyWood" },
    { 0x5F9EA0, "CadetBlue" },
    { 0x7FFF00, "Chartreuse" },
    { 0xD2691E, "Chocolate" },
    { 0xFF7F50, "Coral" },
    { 0x6495ED, "CornflowerBlue" },
    { 0xFFF8DC, "Cornsilk" },
    { 0xDC143C, "Crimson" },
    { 0x00FFFF, "Cyan" },
    { 0x00008B, "DarkBlue" },
    { 0x008B8B, "DarkCyan" },
    { 0xB8860B, "DarkGoldenRod" },
    { 0xA9A9A9, "DarkGray" },
    { 0x006400, "DarkGreen" },
    { 0xBDB76B, "DarkKhaki" },
    { 0x8B008B, "DarkMagenta" },
    { 0x556B2F, "DarkOliveGreen" },
    { 0xFF8C00, "DarkOrange" },
    { 0x9932CC, "DarkOrchid" },
    { 0x8B0000, "DarkRed" },
    { 0xE9967A, "DarkSalmon" },
    { 0x8FBC8F, "DarkSeaGreen" },
    { 0x483D8B, "DarkSlateBlue" },
    { 0x2F4F4F, "DarkSlateGray" },
    { 0x00CED1, "DarkTurquoise" },
    { 0x9400D3, "DarkViolet" },
    { 0xFF1493, "DeepPink" },
    { 0x00BFFF, "DeepSkyBlue" },
    { 0x696969, "DimGray" },
    { 0x1E90FF, "DodgerBlue" },
    { 0xB22222, "FireBrick" },
    { 0xFFFAF0, "FloralWhite" },
    { 0x228B22, "ForestGreen" },
    { 0xDCDCDC, "Gainsboro" },
    { 0xF8F8FF, "GhostWhite" },
    { 0xFFD700, "Gold" },
    { 0xDAA520, "GoldenRod" },
    { 0x808080, "Gray" },
    { 0x008000, "Green" },
    { 0xADFF2F, "GreenYellow" },
    { 0xF0FFF0, "HoneyDew" },
    { 0xFF69B4, "HotPink" },
    { 0xCD5C5C, "IndianRed" },
    { 0x4B0082, "Indigo" },
    { 0xFFFFF0, "Ivory" },
    { 0xF0E68C, "Khaki" },
    { 0xE6E6FA, "Lavender" },
    { 0xFFF0F5, "LavenderBlush" },
    { 0x7CFC00, "LawnGreen" },
    { 0xFFFACD, "LemonChiffon" },
    { 0xADD8E6, "LightBlue" },
    { 0xF08080, "LightCoral" },
    { 0xE0FFFF, "LightCyan" },
    { 0xFAFAD2, "LightGoldenRodYellow" },
    { 0xD3D3D3, "LightGray" },
    { 0x90EE90, "LightGreen" },
    { 0xFFB6C1, "LightPink" },
    { 0xFFA07A, "LightSalmon" },
    { 0x20B2AA, "LightSeaGreen" },
    { 0x87CEFA, "LightSkyBlue" },
    { 0x778899, "LightSlateGray" },
    { 0xB0C4DE, "LightSteelBlue" },
    { 0xFFFFE0, "LightYellow" },
    { 0x00FF00, "Lime" },
    { 0x32CD32, "LimeGreen" },
    { 0xFAF0E6, "Linen" },
    { 0xFF00FF, "Magenta" },
    { 0x800000, "Maroon" },
    { 0x66CDAA, "MediumAquaMarine" },
    { 0x0000CD, "MediumBlue" },
    { 0xBA55D3, "MediumOrchid" },
    { 0x9370DB, "MediumPurple" },
    { 0x3CB371, "MediumSeaGreen" },
    { 0x7B68EE, "MediumSlateBlue" },
    { 0x00FA9A, "MediumSpringGreen" },
    { 0x48D1CC, "MediumTurquoise" },
    { 0xC71585, "MediumVioletRed" },
    { 0x191970, "MidnightBlue" },
    { 0xF5FFFA, "MintCream" },
    { 0xFFE4E1, "MistyRose" },
    { 0xFFE4B5, "Moccasin" },
    { 0xFFDEAD, "NavajoWhite" },
    { 0x000080, "Navy" },
    { 0xFDF5E6, "OldLace" },
    { 0x808000, "Olive" },
    { 0x6B8E23, "OliveDrab" },
    { 0xFFA500, "Orange" },
    { 0xFF4500, "OrangeRed" },
    { 0xDA70D6, "Orchid" },
    { 0xEEE8AA, "PaleGoldenRod" },
    { 0x98FB98, "PaleGreen" },
    { 0xAFEEEE, "PaleTurquoise" },
    { 0xDB7093, "PaleVioletRed" },
    { 0xFFEFD5, "PapayaWhip" },
    { 0xFFDAB9, "PeachPuff" },
    { 0xCD853F, "Peru" },
    { 0xFFC0CB, "Pink" },
    { 0xDDA0DD, "Plum" },
    { 0xB0E0E6, "PowderBlue" },
    { 0x800080, "Purple" },
    { 0xFF0000, "Red" },
    { 0xBC8F8F, "RosyBrown" },
    { 0x4169E1, "RoyalBlue" },
    { 0x8B4513, "SaddleBrown" },
    { 0xFA8072, "Salmon" },
    { 0xF4A460, "SandyBrown" },
    { 0x2E8B57, "SeaGreen" },
    { 0xFFF5EE, "SeaShell" },
    { 0xA0522D, "Sienna" },
    { 0xC0C0C0, "Silver" },
    { 0x87CEEB, "SkyBlue" },
    { 0x6A5ACD, "SlateBlue" },
    { 0x708090, "SlateGray" },
    { 0xFFFAFA, "Snow" },
    { 0x00FF7F, "SpringGreen" },
    { 0x4682B4, "SteelBlue" },
    { 0xD2B48C, "Tan" },
    { 0x008080, "Teal" },
    { 0xD8BFD8, "Thistle" },
    { 0xFF6347, "Tomato" },
    { 0x40E0D0, "Turquoise" },
    { 0xEE82EE, "Violet" },
    { 0xF5DEB3, "Wheat" },
    { 0xFFFFFF, "White" },
    { 0xF5F5F5, "WhiteSmoke" },
    { 0xFFFF00, "Yellow" },
    { 0x9ACD32, "YellowGreen" },
  };
  public static final Map<Integer,String> MAP =
    Arrays.stream(ARRAY)
      .collect(Collectors.toMap(
        element -> (Integer)element[0],
        element -> (String)element[1],
        (v1, v2) -> { // Merge function
          throw new IllegalStateException();
        },
        LinkedHashMap::new
      ));
  // Inversion only works if values are unique:
  public static <V, K> Map<V, K>
  invert(Map<K, V> map) {
    return map.entrySet().stream()
      .collect(Collectors.toMap(
        Map.Entry::getValue,
        Map.Entry::getKey,
        (v1, v2) -> {
          throw new IllegalStateException();
        },
        LinkedHashMap::new
      ));
  }
  public static final Map<String,Integer>
    INVMAP = invert(MAP);
  // Look up RGB value given a name:
  public static Integer rgb(String colorName) {
    return INVMAP.get(colorName);
  }
  public static final List<String> LIST =
    Arrays.stream(ARRAY)
      .map(item -> (String)item[1])
      .collect(Collectors.toList());
  public static final List<Integer> RGBLIST =
    Arrays.stream(ARRAY)
      .map(item -> (Integer)item[0])
      .collect(Collectors.toList());
  public static
  void show(Map.Entry<Integer,String> e) {
    System.out.format(
      "0x%06X: %s%n", e.getKey(), e.getValue());
  }
  public static void
  show(Map<Integer,String> m, int count) {
    m.entrySet().stream()
      .limit(count)
      .forEach(e -> show(e));
  }
  public static void show(Map<Integer,String> m) {
    show(m, m.size());
  }
  public static
  void show(Collection<String> lst, int count) {
    lst.stream()
      .limit(count)
      .forEach(System.out::println);
  }
  public static void show(Collection<String> lst) {
    show(lst, lst.size());
  }
  public static
  void showrgb(Collection<Integer> lst, int count) {
    lst.stream()
      .limit(count)
      .forEach(n -> System.out.format("0x%06X%n", n));
  }
  public static void showrgb(Collection<Integer> lst) {
    showrgb(lst, lst.size());
  }
  public static
  void showInv(Map<String,Integer> m, int count) {
    m.entrySet().stream()
      .limit(count)
      .forEach(e ->
        System.out.format(
          "%-20s  0x%06X%n", e.getKey(), e.getValue()));
  }
  public static void showInv(Map<String,Integer> m) {
    showInv(m, m.size());
  }
  public static void border() {
    System.out.println(
      "******************************");
  }
}

MAP 是使用Streams(第十四章 流式编程)创建的。 二维数组 ARRAY 作为流传输到 Map 中,但请注意我们不仅仅是使用简单版本的 Collectors.toMap() 。 那个版本生成一个 HashMap ,它使用散列函数来控制对键的排序。 为了保留原来的顺序,我们必须将键值对直接放入 TreeMap 中,这意味着我们需要使用更复杂的 Collectors.toMap() 版本。这需要两个函数从每个流元素中提取键和值,就像简单版本的Collectors.toMap() 一样。 然后它需要一个合并函数(merge function),它解决了与同一个键相关的两个值之间的冲突。这里的数据已经预先审查过,因此绝不会发生这种情况,如果有的话,这里会抛出异常。最后,传递生成所需类型的空map的函数,然后用流来填充它。

rgb() 方法是一个便捷函数(convenience function),它接受颜色名称 String 参数并生成其数字RGB值。为此,我们需要一个反转版本的 COLORS ,它接受一个 String键并查找RGB的 Integer 值。 这是通过 invert() 方法实现的,如果任何 COLORS 值不唯一,则抛出异常。

我们还创建包含所有名称的 LIST ,以及包含十六进制表示法的RGB值的 RGBLIST

第一个 show() 方法接受一个 Map.Entry 并显示以十六进制表示的键,以便轻松地对原始 ARRAY 进行双重检查。 名称以 show 开头的每个方法都会重载两个版本,其中一个版本采用 count 参数来指示要显示的元素数量,第二个版本显示序列中的所有元素。

这里是一个基本的测试:

// collectiontopics/HTMLColorTest.java
import static onjava.HTMLColors.*;

public class HTMLColorTest {
  static final int DISPLAY_SIZE = 20;
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    show(MAP, DISPLAY_SIZE);
    border();
    showInv(INVMAP, DISPLAY_SIZE);
    border();
    show(LIST, DISPLAY_SIZE);
    border();
    showrgb(RGBLIST, DISPLAY_SIZE);
  }
}
/* Output:
0xF0F8FF: AliceBlue
0xFAEBD7: AntiqueWhite
0x7FFFD4: Aquamarine
0xF0FFFF: Azure
0xF5F5DC: Beige
0xFFE4C4: Bisque
0x000000: Black
0xFFEBCD: BlanchedAlmond
0x0000FF: Blue
0x8A2BE2: BlueViolet
0xA52A2A: Brown
0xDEB887: BurlyWood
0x5F9EA0: CadetBlue
0x7FFF00: Chartreuse
0xD2691E: Chocolate
0xFF7F50: Coral
0x6495ED: CornflowerBlue
0xFFF8DC: Cornsilk
0xDC143C: Crimson
0x00FFFF: Cyan
******************************
AliceBlue             0xF0F8FF
AntiqueWhite          0xFAEBD7
Aquamarine            0x7FFFD4
Azure                 0xF0FFFF
Beige                 0xF5F5DC
Bisque                0xFFE4C4
Black                 0x000000
BlanchedAlmond        0xFFEBCD
Blue                  0x0000FF
BlueViolet            0x8A2BE2
Brown                 0xA52A2A
BurlyWood             0xDEB887
CadetBlue             0x5F9EA0
Chartreuse            0x7FFF00
Chocolate             0xD2691E
Coral                 0xFF7F50
CornflowerBlue        0x6495ED
Cornsilk              0xFFF8DC
Crimson               0xDC143C
Cyan                  0x00FFFF
******************************
AliceBlue
AntiqueWhite
Aquamarine
Azure
Beige
Bisque
Black
BlanchedAlmond
Blue
BlueViolet
Brown
BurlyWood
CadetBlue
Chartreuse
Chocolate
Coral
CornflowerBlue
Cornsilk
Crimson
Cyan
******************************
0xF0F8FF
0xFAEBD7
0x7FFFD4
0xF0FFFF
0xF5F5DC
0xFFE4C4
0x000000
0xFFEBCD
0x0000FF
0x8A2BE2
0xA52A2A
0xDEB887
0x5F9EA0
0x7FFF00
0xD2691E
0xFF7F50
0x6495ED
0xFFF8DC
0xDC143C
0x00FFFF
*/

可以看到,使用 LinkedHashMap 确实能够保留 HTMLColors.ARRAY 的顺序。

List行为

Lists 是存储和检索对象(次于数组)的最基本方法。基本列表操作包括:

  • add() 用于插入元素
  • get() 用于随机访问元素
  • iterator() 获取序列上的一个 Iterator
  • stream() 生成元素的一个 Stream

列表构造方法始终保留元素的添加顺序。

以下示例中的方法各自涵盖了一组不同的行为:每个 List 可以执行的操作( basicTest() ),使用 IteratoriterMotion() )遍历序列,使用 IteratoriterManipulation() )更改内容,查看 List 操作( testVisual() )的效果,以及仅可用于 LinkedLists 的操作:

// collectiontopics/ListOps.java
// Things you can do with Lists
import java.util.*;
import onjava.HTMLColors;

public class ListOps {
  // Create a short list for testing:
  static final List<String> LIST =
    HTMLColors.LIST.subList(0, 10);
  private static boolean b;
  private static String s;
  private static int i;
  private static Iterator<String> it;
  private static ListIterator<String> lit;
  public static void basicTest(List<String> a) {
    a.add(1, "x"); // Add at location 1
    a.add("x"); // Add at end
    // Add a collection:
    a.addAll(LIST);
    // Add a collection starting at location 3:
    a.addAll(3, LIST);
    b = a.contains("1"); // Is it in there?
    // Is the entire collection in there?
    b = a.containsAll(LIST);
    // Lists allow random access, which is cheap
    // for ArrayList, expensive for LinkedList:
    s = a.get(1); // Get (typed) object at location 1
    i = a.indexOf("1"); // Tell index of object
    b = a.isEmpty(); // Any elements inside?
    it = a.iterator(); // Ordinary Iterator
    lit = a.listIterator(); // ListIterator
    lit = a.listIterator(3); // Start at location 3
    i = a.lastIndexOf("1"); // Last match
    a.remove(1); // Remove location 1
    a.remove("3"); // Remove this object
    a.set(1, "y"); // Set location 1 to "y"
    // Keep everything that's in the argument
    // (the intersection of the two sets):
    a.retainAll(LIST);
    // Remove everything that's in the argument:
    a.removeAll(LIST);
    i = a.size(); // How big is it?
    a.clear(); // Remove all elements
  }
  public static void iterMotion(List<String> a) {
    ListIterator<String> it = a.listIterator();
    b = it.hasNext();
    b = it.hasPrevious();
    s = it.next();
    i = it.nextIndex();
    s = it.previous();
    i = it.previousIndex();
  }
  public static void iterManipulation(List<String> a) {
    ListIterator<String> it = a.listIterator();
    it.add("47");
    // Must move to an element after add():
    it.next();
    // Remove the element after the new one:
    it.remove();
    // Must move to an element after remove():
    it.next();
    // Change the element after the deleted one:
    it.set("47");
  }
  public static void testVisual(List<String> a) {
    System.out.println(a);
    List<String> b = LIST;
    System.out.println("b = " + b);
    a.addAll(b);
    a.addAll(b);
    System.out.println(a);
    // Insert, remove, and replace elements
    // using a ListIterator:
    ListIterator<String> x =
      a.listIterator(a.size()/2);
    x.add("one");
    System.out.println(a);
    System.out.println(x.next());
    x.remove();
    System.out.println(x.next());
    x.set("47");
    System.out.println(a);
    // Traverse the list backwards:
    x = a.listIterator(a.size());
    while(x.hasPrevious())
      System.out.print(x.previous() + " ");
    System.out.println();
    System.out.println("testVisual finished");
  }
  // There are some things that only LinkedLists can do:
  public static void testLinkedList() {
    LinkedList<String> ll = new LinkedList<>();
    ll.addAll(LIST);
    System.out.println(ll);
    // Treat it like a stack, pushing:
    ll.addFirst("one");
    ll.addFirst("two");
    System.out.println(ll);
    // Like "peeking" at the top of a stack:
    System.out.println(ll.getFirst());
    // Like popping a stack:
    System.out.println(ll.removeFirst());
    System.out.println(ll.removeFirst());
    // Treat it like a queue, pulling elements
    // off the tail end:
    System.out.println(ll.removeLast());
    System.out.println(ll);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // Make and fill a new list each time:
    basicTest(new LinkedList<>(LIST));
    basicTest(new ArrayList<>(LIST));
    iterMotion(new LinkedList<>(LIST));
    iterMotion(new ArrayList<>(LIST));
    iterManipulation(new LinkedList<>(LIST));
    iterManipulation(new ArrayList<>(LIST));
    testVisual(new LinkedList<>(LIST));
    testLinkedList();
  }
}
/* Output:
[AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet]
b = [AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet]
[AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet,
AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet,
AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet]
[AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet,
AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige, one,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet,
AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet]
Bisque
Black
[AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet,
AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige, one,
47, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet, AliceBlue,
AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige, Bisque, Black,
BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet]
BlueViolet Blue BlanchedAlmond Black Bisque Beige Azure
Aquamarine AntiqueWhite AliceBlue BlueViolet Blue
BlanchedAlmond 47 one Beige Azure Aquamarine
AntiqueWhite AliceBlue BlueViolet Blue BlanchedAlmond
Black Bisque Beige Azure Aquamarine AntiqueWhite
AliceBlue
testVisual finished
[AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet]
[two, one, AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure,
Beige, Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue, BlueViolet]
two
two
one
BlueViolet
[AliceBlue, AntiqueWhite, Aquamarine, Azure, Beige,
Bisque, Black, BlanchedAlmond, Blue]
*/

basicTest()iterMotion() 中,方法调用是为了展示正确的语法,尽管获取了返回值,但不会使用它。在某些情况下,根本不会去获取返回值。在使用这些方法之前,请查看JDK文档中这些方法的完整用法。

Set行为

Set 的主要用处是测试成员身份,不过也可以将其用作删除重复元素的工具。如果不关心元素顺序或并发性, HashSet 总是最好的选择,因为它是专门为了快速查找而设计的(这里使用了在附录:理解equals和hashCode方法章节中探讨的散列函数)。

其它的 Set 实现产生不同的排序行为:

// collectiontopics/SetOrder.java
import java.util.*;
import onjava.HTMLColors;

public class SetOrder {
  static String[] sets = {
    "java.util.HashSet",
    "java.util.TreeSet",
    "java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListSet",
    "java.util.LinkedHashSet",
    "java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArraySet",
  };
  static final List<String> RLIST =
    new ArrayList<>(HTMLColors.LIST);
  static {
    Collections.reverse(RLIST);
  }
  public static void
  main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    for(String type: sets) {
      System.out.format("[-> %s <-]%n",
        type.substring(type.lastIndexOf('.') + 1));
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
      Set<String> set = (Set<String>)
        Class.forName(type).newInstance();
      set.addAll(RLIST);
      set.stream()
        .limit(10)
        .forEach(System.out::println);
    }
  }
}
/* Output:
[-> HashSet <-]
MediumOrchid
PaleGoldenRod
Sienna
LightSlateGray
DarkSeaGreen
Black
Gainsboro
Orange
LightCoral
DodgerBlue
[-> TreeSet <-]
AliceBlue
AntiqueWhite
Aquamarine
Azure
Beige
Bisque
Black
BlanchedAlmond
Blue
BlueViolet
[-> ConcurrentSkipListSet <-]
AliceBlue
AntiqueWhite
Aquamarine
Azure
Beige
Bisque
Black
BlanchedAlmond
Blue
BlueViolet
[-> LinkedHashSet <-]
YellowGreen
Yellow
WhiteSmoke
White
Wheat
Violet
Turquoise
Tomato
Thistle
Teal
[-> CopyOnWriteArraySet <-]
YellowGreen
Yellow
WhiteSmoke
White
Wheat
Violet
Turquoise
Tomato
Thistle
Teal
*/

这里需要使用 @SuppressWarnings(“unchecked”) ,因为这里将一个 String (可能是任何东西)传递给了 Class.forName(type).newInstance() 。编译器并不能保证这是一次成功的操作。

RLISTHTMLColors.LIST 的反转版本。因为 Collections.reverse() 是通过修改参数来执行反向操作,而不是返回包含反向元素的新 List ,所以该调用在 static 块内执行。 RLIST 可以防止我们意外地认为 Set 对其结果进行了排序。

HashSet 的输出结果似乎没有可辨别的顺序,因为它是基于散列函数的。 TreeSetConcurrentSkipListSet 都对它们的元素进行了排序,它们都实现了 SortedSet 接口来标识这个特点。因为实现该接口的 Set 按顺序排列,所以该接口还有一些其他的可用操作。 LinkedHashSetCopyOnWriteArraySet 尽管没有用于标识的接口,但它们还是保留了元素的插入顺序。

ConcurrentSkipListSetCopyOnWriteArraySet 是线程安全的。

在附录的最后,我们将了解在非 HashSet 实现的 Set 上添加额外排序的性能成本,以及不同实现中的任何其他功能的成本。

在Map中使用函数式操作

Collection 接口一样,forEach() 也内置在 Map 接口中。但是如果想要执行任何其他的基本功能操作,比如 map()flatMap()reduce()filter() 时,该怎么办? 查看 Map 接口发现并没有这些。

可以通过 entrySet() 连接到这些方法,该方法会生成一个由 Map.Entry 对象组成的 Set 。这个 Set 包含 stream()parallelStream() 方法。只需要记住一件事,这里正在使用的是 Map.Entry 对象:

// collectiontopics/FunctionalMap.java
// Functional operations on a Map
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import static onjava.HTMLColors.*;

public class FunctionalMap {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    MAP.entrySet().stream()
      .map(Map.Entry::getValue)
      .filter(v -> v.startsWith("Dark"))
      .map(v -> v.replaceFirst("Dark", "Hot"))
      .forEach(System.out::println);
  }
}
/* Output:
HotBlue
HotCyan
HotGoldenRod
HotGray
HotGreen
HotKhaki
HotMagenta
HotOliveGreen
HotOrange
HotOrchid
HotRed
HotSalmon
HotSeaGreen
HotSlateBlue
HotSlateGray
HotTurquoise
HotViolet
*/

生成 Stream 后,所有的基本功能方法,甚至更多就都可以使用了。

选择Map片段

TreeMapConcurrentSkipListMap 实现的 NavigableMap 接口解决了需要选择Map片段的问题。下面是一个示例,使用了 HTMLColors

// collectiontopics/NavMap.java
// NavigableMap produces pieces of a Map
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import static onjava.HTMLColors.*;

public class NavMap {
  public static final
  NavigableMap<Integer,String> COLORS =
    new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>(MAP);
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    show(COLORS.firstEntry());
    border();
    show(COLORS.lastEntry());
    border();
    NavigableMap<Integer, String> toLime =
      COLORS.headMap(rgb("Lime"), true);
    show(toLime);
    border();
    show(COLORS.ceilingEntry(rgb("DeepSkyBlue") - 1));
    border();
    show(COLORS.floorEntry(rgb("DeepSkyBlue") - 1));
    border();
    show(toLime.descendingMap());
    border();
    show(COLORS.tailMap(rgb("MistyRose"), true));
    border();
    show(COLORS.subMap(
      rgb("Orchid"), true,
      rgb("DarkSalmon"), false));
  }
}
/* Output:
0x000000: Black
******************************
0xFFFFFF: White
******************************
0x000000: Black
0x000080: Navy
0x00008B: DarkBlue
0x0000CD: MediumBlue
0x0000FF: Blue
0x006400: DarkGreen
0x008000: Green
0x008080: Teal
0x008B8B: DarkCyan
0x00BFFF: DeepSkyBlue
0x00CED1: DarkTurquoise
0x00FA9A: MediumSpringGreen
0x00FF00: Lime
******************************
0x00BFFF: DeepSkyBlue
******************************
0x008B8B: DarkCyan
******************************
0x00FF00: Lime
0x00FA9A: MediumSpringGreen
0x00CED1: DarkTurquoise
0x00BFFF: DeepSkyBlue
0x008B8B: DarkCyan
0x008080: Teal
0x008000: Green
0x006400: DarkGreen
0x0000FF: Blue
0x0000CD: MediumBlue
0x00008B: DarkBlue
0x000080: Navy
0x000000: Black
******************************
0xFFE4E1: MistyRose
0xFFEBCD: BlanchedAlmond
0xFFEFD5: PapayaWhip
0xFFF0F5: LavenderBlush
0xFFF5EE: SeaShell
0xFFF8DC: Cornsilk
0xFFFACD: LemonChiffon
0xFFFAF0: FloralWhite
0xFFFAFA: Snow
0xFFFF00: Yellow
0xFFFFE0: LightYellow
0xFFFFF0: Ivory
0xFFFFFF: White
******************************
0xDA70D6: Orchid
0xDAA520: GoldenRod
0xDB7093: PaleVioletRed
0xDC143C: Crimson
0xDCDCDC: Gainsboro
0xDDA0DD: Plum
0xDEB887: BurlyWood
0xE0FFFF: LightCyan
0xE6E6FA: Lavender
*/

main() 方法中可以看到 NavigableMap 的各种功能。 因为 NavigableMap 具有键顺序,所以它使用了 firstEntry()lastEntry() 的概念。调用 headMap() 会生成一个 NavigableMap ,其中包含了从 Map 的开头到 headMap() 参数中所指向的一组元素,其中 boolean 值指示结果中是否包含该参数。调用 tailMap() 执行了类似的操作,只不过是从参数开始到 Map 的末尾。 subMap() 则允许生成 Map 中间的一部分。

ceilingEntry() 从当前键值对向上搜索下一个键值对,floorEntry() 则是向下搜索。 descendingMap() 反转了 NavigableMap 的顺序。

如果需要通过分割 Map 来简化所正在解决的问题,则 NavigableMap 可以做到。具有类似的功能的其它集合实现也可以用来帮助解决问题。

填充集合

使用Flyweight自定义集合和Map

集合功能

可选操作

Set和存储顺序

队列

理解Map

集合工具类

持有引用

避免旧式类库

本章小结